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Order of the Holy Spirit
: ''Not to be confused with the Congregation of the Holy Ghost (Spiritans).''
The Order of the Holy Spirit, also known as the Order of the Knights of the Holy Spirit, (French: ''Ordre du Saint-Esprit'' or ''Ordre des chevaliers du Saint-Esprit''; sometimes translated into English as the Order of the Holy Ghost) was an order of chivalry under the French monarchy.〔 It should not be confused with the Congregation of the Holy Ghost or with the religious Order of the Holy Ghost.〔 It was the senior chivalric order of France by precedence, although not by age, since the Order of Saint Michael was established more than a century earlier.
== History ==
Prior to the creation of the Order of the Holy Spirit in 1578 by Henri III, the senior order of chivalry in France had been the Order of Saint Michael.〔 This order had originally been created to rival the Burgundian Order of the Golden Fleece, and to help ensure that leading French nobles remained loyal to the Crown. Its membership was initially restricted to a small number of powerful princes and nobles, but this increased dramatically due to the pressures of the Wars of Religion: at the beginning of the reign of Henry III, the order had several hundred living members, ranging from kings to bourgeois. Recognising that the order had been significantly devalued, Henry founded the Order of the Holy Spirit December 31, 1578- thereby creating a two-tier system: the new order would be reserved for princes and powerful nobles whilst the old Order of Saint Michael would be given to less eminent servants of the Crown. This Order was dedicated to the Holy Spirit to commemorate the fact that Henry was elected King of Poland (1573) and inherited the throne of France (1574) on two Pentecosts.
During the French Revolution the Order of the Holy Spirit was officially abolished by the French government along with all other chivalric orders from the Ancien Régime, although the exiled Louis XVIII continued to acknowledge it. Following the Restoration, the order was officially revived, only to be abolished again by the Orleanist Louis-Philippe following the July Revolution in 1830. Despite the abolition of the order, both the Orleanist and Legitimist〔''État présent de la maison de Bourbon. Quatrième édition.'' Paris, Le Léopard d'or, 1991; p. 222: « Louis XIX, Henri V, Charles XI et Jaques I continuèrent à donner l'ordre dans la discrétion et en 1972, Jacques-Henri VI suivit leur exemple, sont fils Alphonse II faisant de même. » L’''État présent…'' donne ensuite le nom de quatre chevaliers, créés par lettres patentes de 1972 et 1973.〕 pretenders to the French throne have continued to nominate members of the order, long after the abolition of the French monarchy itself.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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